Early initiatives undertaken by universities did not specifically target refugee students and researchers, but provided humanitarian aid to refugees in general: ad hoc shelter to newly arrived refugees, charitable activities such as volunteering, food and clothes collections, fundraisers, legal information, advice and advocacy work. In the meantime and in some countries, this has been taken over by other institutions. The cases selected for this GPC category show several initiatives that have been continued, also due to their geographical location in countries where refugees first arrived.